In Brazilian Portuguese, certain verbs ending in -ir undergo specific vowel changes in their stem (the main part of the verb) when conjugated. Here, we will focus on three specific patterns in the Present Indicative tense.
For several verbs that have an -o- in their stem, such as dormir (to sleep), the -o- changes to a -u- in the eu (I) form of the present indicative. The other forms keep the original -o-.
Other verbs in this group include: cobrir (to cover), descobrir (to discover), engolir (to swallow), and tossir (to cough).
Conversely, some verbs with a -u- in the stem, like subir (to go up), change the -u- to an -o- when the syllable is stressed and followed by an -e. This means the eu and nós forms keep the -u-, but the other forms change to -o-.
Other verbs in this group include: consumir (to consume), cuspir (to spit), fugir (to run away / flee), and sumir (to disappear).
The verb polir (to polish) is a unique case. Its stem vowel -o- changes to -u- in all stressed positions. In the present indicative, only the nós form is unstressed on the stem, so it is the only one that keeps the -o-.
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