Forming Feminine Nouns and Adjectives in Brazilian Portuguese
Deriving feminine forms from masculine nouns and adjectives in Brazilian Portuguese follows several clear, rule-based patterns. Let's break down the main categories.
1. The Standard -o to -a Shift
The most common pattern is replacing the standard masculine ending -o with -a.
- médico > médica (doctor - male > female)
- filho > filha (son > daughter)
- barato > barata (cheap - masculine > feminine)
- pequeno > pequena (small - masculine > feminine)
2. Variations of Words Ending in -ão
Words ending in -ão shift according to different sub-rules:
- Most nouns shift to -ã: e.g., irmão > irmã (brother > sister), alemão > alemã (German), são > sã (healthy).
- Character traits typically change to -ona: e.g., brincalhão > brincalhona (playful), sabichão > sabichona (know-it-all).
- A few shift to -oa: e.g., leão > leoa (lion > lioness), leitão > leitoa (piglet), patrão > patroa (boss).
- ladrão becomes ladra or ladrona (thief).
- The saintly prefix São (or Santo before vowels) becomes Santa: e.g., São Francisco, Santa Bárbara, Santo André.
3. Terms Ending in -or
The standard feminine ending for words ending in -or is -ora, though notable exceptions exist.
- Standard: escritor > escritora (writer), professor > professora (teacher), trabalhador > trabalhadora (worker).
- Exceptions: ator > atriz (actor > actress), imperador > imperatriz (emperor > empress).
- Ambassador: embaixador takes embaixadora or embaixatriz.
- Adjective motor: uses motriz or motora (e.g., força motriz [motive force], coordenação motora [motor coordination]).
4. Words Ending in -eu
Words ending in -eu usually change to -eia, with a few important exceptions.
- Standard: ateu > ateia (atheist), europeu > europeia (European).
- Exceptions: judeu > judia (Jew), ilhéu > ilhoa (islander), réu > ré (defendant).
5. Terms Ending in -ês
Adjectives and nouns ending in -ês drop their written accent and end in -esa.
- Examples: chinês > chinesa (Chinese), burguês > burguesa (bourgeois).
- Note: cortês (courteous) and descortês (discourteous) are invariable (they do not change for gender).
6. Specialized Endings
Several other specialized suffixes and endings complete the feminine transformation rules:
- Simple -a additions: deus > deusa (god > goddess), espanhol > espanhola (Spanish), nu > nua (naked), cru > crua (raw), mau > má (bad).
- -essa for noble titles: abade > abadessa (abbot > abbess), conde > condessa (count > countess), visconde > viscondessa (viscount > viscountess).
- -esa for status/titles: barão > baronesa (baron > baroness), cônsul > consulesa (consul's wife / female consul), duque > duquesa (duke > duchess), príncipe > princesa (prince > princess).
- -isa for specific professions or roles: diácono > diaconisa (deaconess), poeta > poetisa (poet > poetess), profeta > profetisa (prophetess), sacerdote > sacerdotisa (priestess).
- -ina endings: maestro > maestrina (conductor), herói > heroína (hero > heroine).
- Modern variants: Alternative modern forms like presidenta (female president) and chefa (female boss) exist alongside the more traditional presidente and chefe.